Unit 1: Requirements for a Moving
Image Production
Pre-Production Process
The main focus of the depict project was to consider the importance of pre-production and how this can greatly influence the end result of the media product produced. The purpose was also to learn about how the pre-production process is very important not only for our depict short film but also how pre-production plays a crucial part in industry standard moving image text productions. Pre-production allows time to consider what is required to bring the vision to life as well as planning every detail of the production process to make sure it runs as smoothly as possible to get the most out of the time and funding as well as sourcing props, talent, locations and other important factors to make the production possible. Pre-production also allows a media text to be lawful and meet all legalisations surrounding the media industry so that there are no fines or penalties and the end product can be distributed accordingly. Some legal and logistically issues that would be considered and dealt with in pre-production includes props, customs, equipment hire, location organisation and legal paper work such as location releases, talent releases, risk assessments and location recess to ensure the production process can commence and run as smoothly as possible.
Types of Moving Image Production
There are many different types of moving image media products with each distributed a different way depending on lots of different factors including audience, purpose and popularity.
The requirements for the depict project we produced a short film which is an example of a media product. There were no specific requirements for the project other than to produce a short film that is approximately ninety seconds long and could be about anything. The purpose of the short film was for entertainment so once we had finished filming and editing our short film we distributed it on YouTube which is a free video sharing platform used by millions across the globe. The main purpose of the task was not actually the end out come but the exploration of pre-production and the requirements for this at industry standard as well as working in a team to produce an end result.
Short films were the media type that was explored in this
unit but they aren’t the only type of moving image media product. Others
include films, TV shows, stop motions, animations, documentaries and music
videos. Each are distributed differently depending on their purpose and
audience.
Firstly, there are many ways that films can be distributed; depending on their popularity, films tend to be release in cinemas to the general public first. The length of time they remain in cinemas for depends on demand indicated by ticket sale. Once distributed in cinemas, films then tend to be release on DVD and blue ray although less popular films often skip cinema release and are distributed via DVD straight away. After cinema, films are also often distributed to streaming services such as Netflix and Now TV. Films are also commonly distributed on Sky pay per view and after a short while (again depending on popularity) films are then broadcasted on free to air
Another example of a way that a moving image production is distributed is the distribution of TV shows. TV shows can include anything from TV dramas, soap operas and sports. There are only two main ways that TV shows are distributed and that is via free to view mainstream TV channels and subscription based streaming services. The channel that a TV show is broadcasted on depends on who produced the show for example BBC or ITV. Then the popularity of the show also helps to determine the channel it is broadcasted on for example, a very well loved and popular ITV production is likely to be broadcasted on their main channel (ITV 1) where as a less popular show is likely to be broadcasted on one of their secondary channels. Streaming services such as Netflix and Sky also distribute TV shows but there’s can only be viewed by paying customers however, their customers can watch whenever they want rather than when the show is broadcasted and don’t have to sit through adverts whereas on mainstream channels viewers do. For example, the popular nineties American sitcom Friends is still broadcasted today despite being over 25 years old. Friends is currently broadcasting on mainstream TV channel, Channel 5 showing two episodes a day very week night as well as being on the Channel 5 app for catch up. Friends is also broadcasted on popular streaming service Netflix where users can pick and choose episodes to watch when they wish without having to watch adverts. Another example is the popular live day time show This Morning. This Morning is broadcasted live every week day in the morning with a special show every Sunday on ITV 1. This Morning is also available to watch live and on catch up on the ITV Hub and clips from the show are available of their YouTube page but This Morning can’t be viewed on streaming services. The distribution of TV shows depends greatly on who made it, who has the rights to it, type, popularity, purpose and circumstances similar to the distribution of films.
Stop motions are another example of a moving image production. The distribution of these can vary depending on the genre, size and budget but stop motions fitting into the film or TV show category tend to follow the same distribution cycle as discussed previously. Smaller scale more armature based stop motions often are distributed on streaming services like YouTube where other creators and the general public can view for free with revenue being made through advertisements based on the number of views received.
Animations again depending on size can end up in cinema, DVDs, free to view TV or streaming services similar to films. Short films like the one I produced in the depict project also tend to be distributed on YouTube and other social media platforms such as Instagram (IGTV) and Facebook. Also depending on size and budget they can also be distributed to DVD and streaming services although this isn’t common.
Another example of a moving image production is a music video. Music videos most commonly are distributed on YouTube (VEVO) and mainstream TV music channels or MTV. This has changed a lot in the past few years as music videos used to premier on prime time TV, now they are commonly shared via social media and platforms like YouTube which is evidence of one way that advancements in everyday habits such as social media and streaming becoming apart of our everyday lives have altered the media world.
Finance and Sources of Funding
Films, television shows and other moving image media products can be extremely expensive to make which is why sources of funding are needed for production. There are many different ways that productions for films, TV shows and other moving image productions can be funded.
Firstly, not all films and media productions have to be big budget to be a success. Media products can be low budget. Low budget media products tend to be motion pictures shot on a low or limited budget. Young or unknown directors tend to produce media products on a low budget due to a lack of funding from studio, production companies or private investors. A micro budget film is another example. Miro budget films are made on an extremely low budget with as little as a few thousand dollars. An example of a low budget film that is the smash hit film Blair Witch Project. The Blair Witch Project was made on a low budget of $22,000 but grossed over $248 million worldwide. Low or micro budget productions tend to be self-funded or funded by friends and family if the moving image production struggles to gain funding from elsewhere and tends to work off of extremely basic props, locations and talents. Although the overall quality of the production may be compromised due to the small budget from the director or family and friend funding, it doesn’t necessarily mean that the end product won’t be a success. An example of a successful film self-funded by its director is the 2013 film Blue Ruin. Blue Ruin was funded by its director, Jeremy Saulnier and despite this managed to grossed $993,300. Self-funding and family and friend funding tend to be for smaller non-commercial moving image productions though such as short films like that I produced in the Depict project and other non-commercialised products that tend to be distributed on platforms like YouTube with the main aim not to make money but more for just entertainment purposes.
Another source of funding for moving image productions is money from national and regional agencies who can grant productions development and production funding. An example of an agency for this purpose is the BFI (British film institute) film fund. The British Film Institute is a film and charitable organisation which promotes and preserves filmmaking and television in the UK and is sponsored by the Department of Digital, Culture, Media and Sport. People wishing to seek funding
Another source of funding for media products can come from private investors. Somebody wishing to produce a film or media product independently are able to pitch their idea to a private investor in hopes of an investment into their production. Investors can invest whatever amount they wish into the product in returns for an agreed percentage of profits made by the end product. This is a common way for big budget films and TV shows to source their funding as depending on how much the investor likes the idea, the production can be big budget and make lots of profit if done correctly.
A common way to fund TV shows is via production companies. Production companies such as HIT Entertainment are able to fund their own productions based off of profit made from previous productions by selling them to mainstream TV channels such as ITV or streaming services such as Netflix. Productions by BBC studios however are funded differently. Channels like ITV and channel 4 who sometimes produce and fund their own shows are commercial and make money through advertisement which they use some of the profits to produce their own shows, but the BBC is a public service however. Audiences of the BBC are charged a yearly TV license in order to watch the content that they provide so this public money is used to produce their content. Although the public pay for this, the BBC has a duty of care as a public service to educate and entertain whereas commercial channels like ITV are free to watch and don’t have a responsibility to the public so are able to produce whatever content they wish.
And finally, another example of funding for a moving image production is through crowd funding. Crowd funding is a way of raising money in order to fund the production of a particular media product such as a film or documentary. The money is raised from a large number of people from the general public typically via the internet of specific crowd funding sites. Crowd funding has been a popular way to fund films in the past, for example the 2014 film Veronica Mars was entirely crowd funded; it raised $5,000,000 and grossed $3.5 million in profit making it the most successful crowd funded film of all time.
Funded for films and other moving image productions are crucial for many different things as there are lots of requirements for media products in order to operate and be a success. Funding tends to be spent on sound stages which is a soundproof, hangar-like structure, building or room used for the production of a moving image production, talent such as actors, extras or presenters who are the main focus of the product, the crew which includes camera and sound operators, hair and makeup, the costume department and editors, location hire needed for the production, props and costumes, equipment hire or purchasing as well as any copyrighted music or legal bills that need to be payed for the production to occur.
There were also certain similar requirements for our depict project. For our depict project we required talent, locations, props, costumes and equipment. We decided to use members of our group to be the talent as they were part of the planning process and clearly understood the vision that we had for our short film. This was also easier as we didn’t have to spend lots of time auditioning talent and we also all have similar schedules that allowed us to be able to film at the same time. For locations, we decided to exploit the college grounds as much as we could as this meant that we didn’t have to seek permissions from local authorities. Our plot is also based around a classroom so this worked perfectly for us and also meant that we didn’t have to carry lots of equipment to faraway places. For the props we only required a handbag and toy water gun. We already had access to a handbag but had to buy a water gun but as this was extremely cheap, we were able to fund this ourselves. We also required various different costumes as within our short film we had lots of mini sub plots that required a change of character. Some of the costumes we required included a suit, police outfit and leather jacket. All of these things we either had access to within our group or were able to access from the drama department at college. This meant that we didn’t have to spend additional money on the costumes for our short film. And finally, moving onto equipment. Some of the equipment we required included a camera, tripod, artificial lighting and boom mic. Again, these were all things that we were able to hire from the college which kept the cost of our production extremely low and made it very accessible.
Personnel
There is a huge team of both cast and crew that are required to produce a typical moving image production. These include actors, extra, camera operators, directors, directors, executive producer, line producer, production assistant, production manger, assistant director (first, second and other), camera assistants (first, second and other), lighting technicians, sound technicians with other roles also included on certain productions. The cast and crew depend greatly on the type of media product and production though.
In a low budget short film, the budget to spend on cast and crew is very small so the number of people and roles in the production team are kept to a minimal. Low budget shorts only really involve the necessities in order to function. So, a low budget short is likely to have talent such as actors, a camera operator, lighting technician and sound technician and may have a director and assistants depending on the size of the short. Low budget short films depend to be more amateurish and distributed on video sharing platforms such as YouTube so don’t have to be as professional as they don’t serve a commercial purpose. This differs from a television programme which is likely to have much bigger budget. The production team of a television programme is likely to be made up of talent such as presenters, actors, extras or contestants depending on what type of programme it is, a producer or director, camera operators, lighting and sound technicians, assistant technicians. The production crew and the roles involved may also vary depending on the budget and purpose of the TV programme but as to be as perfectional as possible as it is disrupted in mainstream TV and is likely to serve a commercial purpose. Moving onto a Hollywood feature film. These are likely to have a huge budget so will likely have a huge production crew and cast in order to make it look as professional as possible as it will be distributed in cinemas and possibly on DVDs and Blue Rays. The production crew for a big Hollywood would likely include big name actors, extras, camera operators, a famous director, executive producer, line producer, production assistant, production manager, assistant director (first, second and other), camera assistants (first, second and others), lighting technician, sound technician and may also include specialists in areas such as special effects. This shows how the size of a production crew can vary greatly with media type, platform, budget and purpose.
In our depict group we had four members with lots of different roles that needed taking and tasks that needed to be done so it was important that we allocated work amongst our group in order to get it done. Firstly, we had to distribute pre-production paper work. The way we did this was by making a list of what needed to be done and allocating the work so everyone had a similar work load and the tasks allocated were based on our strengths as far as possible. We decided to distribute the tasks like so: I was responsible for the production schedule, location release and location recee. Tristan was in charge of the talent release and risk assessment with help form Phil. Phil was in charge of the shot list and props and costumes list and Paige was in charge of the story board and we all worked on the treatment and synopsis as well as the script as these were important so everyone understood and contributed to the vision. We chose Paige to do the story board as she was experience with drawing and is good at it and as we wanted to make it as clear as possible so decided to allocate the role to her. Other pieces of pre-production were allocated mostly at random as nobody else had an experience in any other areas. When it came to production we found it really difficult as three out of four members of the group where in the production. This meant that we had three actors then me behind the camera filming, recording sound and monitoring lighting as well as directing the scene. In the end we had to enlist the help from other people in our class in order to help with behind the scene work to ensure our final piece was the best quality it could have been.
Other than the production crew, there are many various other roles that are involved in the production of a moving image product such as a film or TV show behind the scenes. This includes actors, extras, makeup artists, costume, runners, prop and set department, as well as the pre-production team who will complete all relevant paper work such as storyboards and talent releases and the post production team who will deal with the editing. On live shows like This Morning who deal with lots of guests, they often have runners who ensure everyone in front of the camera including the presenters and guests are where they need to be as well as get whatever they need in order to keep them happy so that they will do what they are supposed to in front of the camera. Most media productions also require makeup artists and costume. This can be simply to improve the appearance of people in front of the camera on TV shows like This Morning or can be special effects makeup such as that in the 1986 film The Fly or special period costumes like in the Downton Abbey film. Most productions require makeup and costumes which would be determined during pre-production.
Time
Our depict project we
were given a very strict time frame in order to compete all aspects of making
our short film that included pre-production, production and post production. We
were given two weeks in order to complete all pre-production paper work that
included the production schedule, treatment and synopsis, location release,
talent release, shot list, story board, location recee, risk assessment, props
and costume list and script. We then had a week in order to film then two weeks
on post-production and finishing things off that we didn’t finish. We managed
to use the time we were given well mostly with a couple of issues regarding
time management. Firstly, we managed to finish all pre-production paper work in
the time limit due to the way we fairly distributed the work load amongst our
group meaning that completion was manageable and any group members who were
absent during the time provided to complete this completed it at home so that
we met the deadlines. Secondly, we had a few issues with filming including
having to move equipment from different locations and issues with recording the
sound which meant that filming took longer than planned and ran over. This
meant that although we completed post production before the deadline, we were
juggling editing and extra filming at the same time which meant we had less
time once we had finished our first draft of editing to perfect. In the professional industry, deadlines are crucial. If the production of a moving image product such as a film doesn’t met deadlines then it is unlikely that it will be distributed at all, especially in cinemas who advertise release dates. This will therefore damage the reputation of the production company and will cause there to be no profit made on the production putting the company in debut. Also, with TV shows, they often have pre-arranged slots in which they will be broadcasted so if they don’t met deadlines then it is likely that the broadcaster will replace it with something again meaning it won’t be broadcasted and won’t make any profit. Overall, in our depict project in class we met the overall deadline although some areas we were slightly behind in but managed to catch up with before the overall deadline which shows that our time management skills and the schedule that we made at the start of the process was a success.
Equipment and Facilities
In professional moving image productions equipment can be hired from various different equipment hiring companies as this reduces the cost compared to having to buy all new equipment just to shot a one off production. An example of a website I have found that hire out equipment at professional level is https://www.mediadoghire.com/. They provide professional standard equipment such as HD cameras, lenses, tripods, lighting and monitors suitable for various different types of moving image productions including film, drama, commercials and broadcasts.
In the our depict project we required equipment similar to that used at professional standard. The equipment we needed included a camera, tripod, artificial lighting, a boom mic and an SD card. We had our own SD card that we purchased ourselves but were able to hire the rest of the equipment from our college as and when we required it which kept costs as low as possible.
Locations
We decided to film our short film in a couple of locations in and around college. This included our media classroom, outside on the field, in the green screen room and down a corridor. Filming in these locations was easy to obtain as we only needed to gain permission from our teacher and had to ensure no one else was using these locations but other than that we needed no external permission which made it as easy for us as possible. A location recee is information about the locations we were filming at such as the address, phone number and pictures. A location release is a document that needs to be signed by the place of filming in order to give permission to film there and is a legal document. We decided to film at our media classroom as our short film is based around a classroom and our media classroom was the easiest to obtain and was free when we were filming as everyone else in our class were filming elsewhere which made it easier plus it was simpler for us to gain permission from our teacher than another member of staff. Also, our classroom has lots of windows and natural lighting which reduced the amount of artificial lighting that we required. We chose to film down the corridor outside our classroom as we needed a change of scenery for a particular scene to distinguish between what was going on previously and the corridor we chose wasn’t busy when we wanted to film which made it a perfect choice. We chose to film outside on the field as we required an outdoor space for the particular scene and as the location was in the public domain, meant we didn’t require any permission and was also quite which meant that there was no one else in the background. And finally, we decided to film in the green screen room at college as our short film required a bit of green screening and as the room is ran by our teacher, it made it easy for us to gain permission to use it.
A logistical issue or risk is when your plans didn’t account for something. In terms of our depict project this could include examples like we forgot to book a certain location so it was already in use or we didn’t think about the costume in a certain scene so it doesn’t fit the narrative. In our depict project we didn’t face many logistical issues, but issue we did face was that we didn’t book the classroom when we wanted it at one point and ended up having to share the space with another group. We managed to overcome this though by working with the other group so that we could take it in terms to film a scene; this meant that one group used half the room and the other used the other half, and whilst one group was setting up to film a scene, the other group filmed a scene so that there was only one group filming at a time so that the dialogue didn’t overlap. Another minor logistical issue that we faced was forgetting to book the green screen room for when we needed it. Instead we filmed a different scene in that slot and went back at lunch time when it was free to film what we needed to meaning we were still able to get the footage.
Materials
In addition to equipment, cast and crew, props and costumes are also a required part of a moving image production. Props and costumes depending on what they are can mainly be obtained online on places such as Amazon and in various fancy dress shops. In our depict project we required a water gun, handbag, suit, leather jacket and police hat. These were all things that amongst our group we had at home and brought in to use for our production or borrowed from the college, such as the police hat. As well as costumes and props, music and sound effects are some more examples of material that need to be obtained for a production, except these tend to be sourced in post-production. For example, in the post production of our short film, we downloaded copyright free music and sound effects from https://www.bensound.com/ or YouTube (but only tracks or sound effects that stated they were royalty free) and we even recorded our own sound effect that was used in our short film. In industry standard, music can be purchased directly from artists or companies selling the rights to certain tracks that are not royalty free.
Finance does help to determine what materials can be obtained. For example, in our depict project we had a tiny budget so relied on props and costumes that we had at home or where able to borrow and we only used copyright free music and audio but this contrasts greatly to a big budget blockbuster in the professional industry such as James Bond Skyfall in which lots of expensive props and costumes are used such as cars and tuxedos as well as music from a big name artist, ‘Adele’ which the film purchased the rights to so shows how budgets can have a real impact on what materials can be used.
Legal Issues
In a media production, legal issues have to be considered in order to stay out of trouble and ensure that the end product is able to be distributed. In a media production legal issues such as copyright have to be considered greatly when using certain materials in media production. If a material is copy right or royalty free then it means that it can be used for free without acknowledgment but if not then productions will either have to pay to use a certain material, acknowledge the owner or both depending on the type of royalty stated by the owner. If individuals or companies do not comply with copy right laws then they can face huge fines.
https://www.gov.uk/copyright states
that copyright “protects [an individual’s] work and stops others from using it
without [their] permission.” Copyright is something that is automatically
applied and doesn’t require a payment of a fee and doesn’t involve registering.
The laws state that you automatically get copyright protection when you create:
“original literary, dramatic, musical and artistic work, including
illustration and photography, original non-literary written work, such as
software, web content and databases, sound and music recordings, film and
television recordings,
Copyright
didn’t really have an impact on my depict project but when it came to post
production we had to be mindful of copyright laws when selecting secondary
material. We ensured all of our music and sound effects were copy right and
royalty free to ensure that we ere able to distribute it on YouTube and no
fines were implemented.
Clearance or clearing refers to the practise of securing permission to use copyrighted material or personal likeness or researching a property to ensure that there are no ownership claims or disputes. Without the correct clearances, individuals or companies can be prevented from distributing work in certain territories which can prevent the earning of revenue. An example of a clearance agreement is present on the BBC website (https://www.bbc.co.uk/commissioning/tv/production/articles/archive-rights-clearances) which states that “If the BBC has commissioned a programme for public service platforms and funded more than 10% of the production budget, the production can make use of the BBC’s blanket agreements for any songs/recordings which are part of the PRS for Music and PPL’s repertoire. All productions should contact the BBC Music Copyright team at the start of their production in advance of recording any music into their programmes to get specific guidance on overall music use including Live/In Vision Performances/Promo Videos/Grand Rights works etc to obtain advice and guidance.”
Public liability insurance is a type of insurance that protects a owners from loss due to legal liability for injury or damage to the persons or property of the public. In a media production, this will protect the people in charge from facing any fines if a member of the cast or crew is injured or if any property (belonging to the public) is damaged. All professional productions need proof of public liability insurance in order to receive permission to film or carry out commercial photography. The insurance covers the legal responsibilities of the production if the activities as part of the production cause injury to third party or damage to property so is very important to have as part of a moving image production.
A
completion guarantees or insurance is a form of insurance offered by a
completion guarantor company (in return
for a fee) which is often used in independently financed or self-funded films to
guarantee that the producer will finish and deliver the film to the
distributers within an agreed time schedule. The guarantee is given to the film
financer and insulates the financer from any over runs that increase cost. A
completion guarantee is a relatively new thing and only tends to occur in small
scale films and media products rather than large scale ones.
Regulation
A regulatory body is a public or government agency
created to oversee the operations of an industry for example, the media
industry. This involves imposing requirements, conditions or restrictions that
set the standards for the entire industry. The primary goal for a regulatory
body is to protect the public for example in the media industry from offense or
sensitive content. 
The main regulator in the media industry is OFCOM who regulate the communication services that we rely on every day including broadband, home phone, mobile services as well as keeping an eye on TV and radio. In terms of media, their function is to ensure that everyone is satisfied with what they see and hear on TV and radio and that they reflect the audiences that they serve. OFCOM consider every complaint that they receive and investigate fully to see if any rules have been breached and are able to act accordingly such as charging a fine. They aim to ensure that content Is not offensive or harmful to the audience. OFCOM are independent and run from the fees paid by the companies that the regulate. BBC is now regulated by OFCOM as of 2017 but this hasn’t always been the case. AS the BBC is a public service and funded by public money, it was down to the government to regulate the BBC but now OFCOM are the official regulator body.
Ofcom have been involved in many different cases including a recent flood of complaints based on Love Island 2018. Ofcom received more than 2500 complaints based on a particular episode in which contestant Dani Dyer was shown a misleading video of her boyfriend at the time Jack Fincham as part of the plot twist ‘casa amour.’ It was revealed in the video that Jack’s ex-girlfriend was present with him that caused Dani emotional distress. The 2500 caused Ofcom to review this and in series since Love Island have been advised to stay away from showing contestants misleading and manipulative content and the show has even dropped this feature all together since. https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/entertainment-arts-44683885
Currently (as stated on http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/entertainment/6166814.stm)
there are no regulations regarding the distribution of moving image products
via the internet. Things such as racial hatred that are illegal still remain
illegal online but there is currently no way to monitor content distributed
online, especially when lots of it comes from other countries which makes
policing even harder. The European Union is in the process its legislation for
audio-visual broadcasts which will safeguard
in areas protecting children from sex and violent which was due cover all media
outlets including the distribution of moving image productions online on
platforms such as YouTube but will now just cover “TV like services”. The UK government
argued against the regulation of online videos over fears that it will stifle new
media industries so online distribution of videos still remains unregulated.
Video sharing sites such as YouTube have community guidelines that they urge
creators to follow but still remains unregulated. Unless they receive lots of complaints
about a certain video then they are unable to regulate and have no power. There
have been examples in the past of videos being removed due to containing offensive
material but this only tends to happen if the video is brought to YouTube’s attention
by lots of reporting’s. The lack of regulation of online videos therefore means
that our Depict video is not being regulated which means that we can’t face a
fine like mainstream broadcasting if our content is harmful or offensive.
Trade Unions and Trade Associations
A trade union is an organised association of
workers in a trade, industry or profession, formed to protect and further their
rights and interests. Often the purpose
of a trade union is to negotiate wages and working conditions terms, regulate relations
between the worker and employer, take collective action against something in
the industry and raise demands on behalf of its members. Trade unions are extremely
important as they provide basic education of the rights in an industry,
assemble workers to ensure that they have the greatest impact when negotiating
and make communication as an entire industry easy. This ensures that workers
are not being underpaid or working under bad conditions and gives them a voice
of action if they feel as though they are being unfairly treated within their
industry. Between November 5th 2007 to February 12th 2008 all 12,000 members of the film and TV screenwriters of the American labour unions writers guide of America East and West went on strike over the lack of funding for the writers in comparison to the profits of larger studios targeted at the Alliance of Motion Picture and Television Producers. An agreement was reached on February 8th 2008 with the strike later being lifted. During the time of the strike though this left a lack of American media shows and disruption to scheduling of many for example, all scripted Hollywood shows except October Road were expected to shut down by the week of December 19, 2007 and of the "Big Four" networks CBS, ABC, NBC and FOX, NBC had the most severe ad shortfall as its prime time ratings declined sharply; none of its new shows achieved breakout success. This shows the power and influence that trade unions can have. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2007–08_Writers_Guild_of_America_strike
PACT is a trade association representing the commercial interests of UK independent TV, film, digital, children’s and animation media companies and support members with legal and business affairs advice and support as well as a wide range of services and campaigning work to ensure standards in the media industry. BECTU (broadcasting, entertainment, cinematograph and theatre union) is also a trade union in the UK with over 40,000 members in the broadcasting, film, theatre, IT, telecoms, interactive media, entertainment and leisure industries. BECTU support members when they have a problem regarding the industry they operate in and help members to develop their career in the industry. AS well as this BECTU also assist members in negotiating pay, terms and conditions with employers to get the best deal as well as providing expert advice to members and paying legal fees if members are unfairly fired, made redundant or discriminated against. PACT and BECTU have an agreement regarding covering crew in a TV drama. The agreement establishes clear and fair working terms and conditions to benefit those working in the media industry and is a huge breakthrough for workers as it took 2 years of negotiating to finally come up with an agreement. This shows the power of trade unions and how they can have an impact on the wider industry, including the media and broadcasting industry.
A trade association is an organisation founded and
funded by businesses that operate in a specific industry. An industry trade
association participates in public relation activities such as advertising,
education, political donations, publishing and lobbying but its main focus is
to collaborate between different companies. ScreenSkills is an example of a
trade association and is an industry-led skills body for the UK’s screen based
creative industries which includes animation, films, games, TV and high end
drama. ScreenSkills works across the whole country to ensure that UK screen has
access currently and in the future to the skills and talent needed for success
and works to develop skills and talent and invest in the future of the
industry. ScreenSkills also release official announcements and resources for
media and industry bodies such as news and job requests which is useful for
those in the media industry to help them understand and expand their careers.
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